泥石流滩地农业资源化开发与利用——以蒋家沟为例

泥石流滩地是山区宝贵的土地资源，其农业资源化开发与利用对促进当地社会经济发展和生态环境改善具有重要意义。以蒋家沟流域为例，在野外调查、遥感解译和实验分析的基础上，阐述了泥石流滩地农业资源化的原则和依据，建立了人畜 土地载荷平衡模型，分析了滩地开发利用的依据、效益和途径，并探讨了泥石流滩地未来农业资源化的思路和对策。研究结果表明：（1） 建立的人畜 土地载荷平衡模型反映了流域生态环境特征，能有效评价滩地开发利用的生态效益；（2）流域滩地农业资源化每年可产生500多万元的经济效益，除满足全流域6 418人的粮食需求外，还可提供338 t商品粮，是促进当地脱贫致富和社会经济发展的重要途径；（3）泥石流滩地既是宝贵的土地资源又是灾害的场所，其开发与利用可有效缓解山区人地矛盾，具有良好的生态效益，但需要在加强灾害防治和防灾减灾意识的基础上，进行深度农业资源化开发.     

Crown condition dynamics of oak in southern Sweden 1988’999

Crown defoliation of oak (Quercus robur and Q. petraea) was analysed in 808 trees during three forest condition surveys (1988, 1993, and 1999) in the southern Sweden. From 1988 to 1999 crown defoliation increased by more than 20%. Changes in crown defoliation were related to the pH in the upper 20–30 cm of the mineral soils, which was closely connected to other measures of soil fertility (cation exchange capacity, CEC and C/N ratio). Trees growing on soils with a high pH (≥4.00, in BaCl₂ filtrate), high CEC and low C/N ratio had significantly lower crown defoliation than trees growing on more acid soils (pH <4.00), indicating that less favourable soil conditions may further enhance oak decline. Age did not differentiate trees with respect to crown defoliation, indicating that decline in crown condition was not due to an age-related increase in crown transparency. Considering only trees younger than 100 years, a significant interaction was observed between changes in crown defoliation and soil pH. Trees younger than 100 years old growing on more acidic soils had a greater increase in crown transparency than trees on more basic soils between 1988 and 1999. Trees ≥100 years old had significantly higher defoliation on more acidic than on more basic soils, however defoliation dynamics of these trees over 1988–99 was not related to soil acidity. Two biotic agents (insect and fungal leaf infections) evaluated in this study did not prove to be important drivers of defoliation dynamics.     

Indirect Effects of Pandemic Deer Overabundance Inferred from Caterpillar‐Host Relations

Externally feeding phytophagous insect larvae (i.e., caterpillars, here, larval Lepidoptera and sawflies, Hymenoptera: Symphyta) are important canopy herbivores and prey resources in temperate deciduous forests. However, composition of forest trees has changed dramatically in the eastern United States since 1900. In particular, browsing by high densities of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) has resulted in forests dominated by browse‐tolerant species, such as black cherry (Prunus serotina), and greatly reduced relative abundance of other tree species, notably pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica) and birches (Betula spp.). To quantify effects of these changes on caterpillars, we sampled caterpillars from 960 branch tips of the 8 tree species that comprise 95% of trees in Allegheny hardwood forests: red maple (Acer rubrum), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), sweet birch (Betula lenta), yellow birch (Betula allegheniensis), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), black cherry, and pin cherry. We collected 547 caterpillar specimens that belonged to 66 Lepidoptera and 10 Hymenoptera species. Caterpillar density, species richness, and community composition differed significantly among tree species sampled. Pin cherry, nearly eliminated at high deer density, had the highest density and diversity of caterpillars. Pin cherry shared a common caterpillar community with black cherry, which was distinct from those of other tree hosts. As high deer density continues to replace diverse forests of cherries, maples, birches, and beech with monodominant stands of black cherry, up to 66% of caterpillar species may be eliminated. Hence, deer‐induced changes in forest vegetation are likely to ricochet back up forest food webs and therefore negatively affect species that depend on caterpillars and moths for food and pollination. Efectos Indirectos de la Sobreabundancia de Venados Pandémicos Inferida de Relaciones Orugas‐Huéspedes     

STATUS OF RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: An attempt was made to review all available data on the extent and status of riparian ecosystems in the U.S.A. This report presents a synthesis of the findings, including some estimates of how much land was originally covered by woody riparian vegetation, and how much remains in that condition today. A synopsis of information is presented on the status of riparian ecosystems in each of 10 regions: California, Pacific Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Arid Southwest, Plains-Grasslands, Lake States, Corn Belt, Mississippi Delta, Northeast-Appalachian, and Southeast. Woody riparian plant communities once covered an estimated 75 to 100 million acres of land in the contiguous 48 states. Mankind has converted at least two-thirds of that nationwide acreage to other non-forest land uses and it is estimated that only 25 to 35 million acres of riparian plant communities remain in a near natural condition. Across the country, loss of riparian acreages is directly attributable to water resource development (especially channel modification and water impoundment), floodplain clearing for agriculture, and urbanization. In many states of the arid west, the midwest, and the lower Mississippi alluvial valley, riparian vegetation has been reduced in area by more than 80 percent. Riparian woodlands are one of this country's most heavily modified natural vegetation types.     

巢湖滨岸水塘洼地沉积物反硝化速率及对外源碳氮的响应

2018年10月至2019年8月,在巢湖西半湖北侧滨岸筛选3个典型水塘洼地,采集表层沉积物及上覆水样,开展外源碳氮浓度梯度培养实验,解析底质反硝化速率对碳氮的限制性,并识别主要环境影响因素.结果表明：①洼地蒲草、水塘芦苇、水塘蒲草等3种植物丛沉积物对照样的反硝化速率[mg·（kg·h）^-1]分别为2.15~10.87（均值为6.47）、2.08~10.65（均值为6.97）、2.06~10.88（均值为6.76）,彼此间差异性不显著;②总体上,外源氮（硝态氮）的添加可以明显提高沉积物的反硝化速率,表明硝态氮为反硝化过程的限制性因素;③外源碳（葡萄糖）的添加导致植物丛沉积物反硝化速率明显下降,表明有机碳对沉积物反硝化产生了抑制作用;④外源碳氮同时添加明显提高了沉积物反硝化速率,除10月洼地蒲草丛和6月水塘蒲草丛低碳氮浓度沉积物反硝化速率相对较高以外,其它情形均表现为高碳氮浓度沉积物反硝化速率更高.     

洞庭湖的景观动态分析

景观元素分为三种：嵌块体、走廊、本底，在洞庭湖区，湖泊是洞庭湖的本底，洲滩是一种典型的嵌块体，在湖区分布广泛，数量众多，是现在洞庭湖区最为活跃的景观元素之一，研究湖泊的演变规律，洲滩的结构，动态变化，以及洲滩对洞庭湖功能的影响，对洞庭湖的治理有着重要参考价值，整个湖区洲滩面积呈增长趋势，从1961年到1985年面积增长了815km^2，由于人工因素和自然因素的差异，洲滩分布在不同湖区县市，不同时期，不同高程出现了不同规律：洲滩主要分布在岳阳、沅江和汉寿三地，不同类型洲滩的演化动态在不同湖区分布呈现异质性，洲滩（景观结构）的改变导致洞庭湖功能（调蓄功能，生态功能等）的退化，因而沿庭湖洲滩治理刻不容缓，此外，还论述了芦苇，人工林和洲滩演化的相互影响，论证了芦苇是洲滩扩张的一个重要因素，而人工林有利于开发和治理洲滩。     

上海市湿地立法相关法律分析

上海市乃至全国的湿地管理现状不容乐观,湿地保护立法缺位,上海市湿地专项立法刻不容缓.在专项立法之前,首先需要研究的一个问题就是相关法律分析,梳理好相关法律间的关系才能保障法律起到应有的作用.湿地法律概念的界定是理清相关立法的切入点.通过对国家及上海市地方相关立法进行分析,界定了滩涂湿地与海域的关系,并就上海市滩涂管理提出建议,试图理顺湿地管理中的交叉冲突,为上海市湿地专项立法做好铺垫.     

A Spatially Explicit Decision Support Model for Restoration of Forest Bird Habitat

Abstract:  The historical area of bottomland hardwood forest in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley has been reduced by >75%. Agricultural production was the primary motivator for deforestation; hence, clearing deliberately targeted higher and drier sites. Remaining forests are highly fragmented and hydrologically altered, with larger forest fragments subject to greater inundation, which has negatively affected many forest bird populations. We developed a spatially explicit decision support model, based on a Partners in Flight plan for forest bird conservation, that prioritizes forest restoration to reduce forest fragmentation and increase the area of forest core (interior forest >1 km from "hostile" edge). Our primary objective was to increase the number of forest patches that harbor >2000 ha of forest core, but we also sought to increase the number and area of forest cores >5000 ha. Concurrently, we targeted restoration within local (320 km²) landscapes to achieve ≥60% forest cover. Finally, we emphasized restoration of higher-elevation bottomland hardwood forests in areas where restoration would not increase forest fragmentation. Reforestation of 10% of restorable land in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (approximately 880,000 ha) targeted at priorities established by this decision support model resulted in approximately 824,000 ha of new forest core. This is more than 32 times the amount of core forest added through reforestation of randomly located fields (approximately 25,000 ha). The total area of forest core (1.6 million ha) that resulted from targeted restoration exceeded habitat objectives identified in the Partners in Flight Bird Conservation Plan and approached the area of forest core present in the 1950s.     

Tree Basal Growth Response to Flooding in a Bottomland Hardwood Forest in Central Ohio1

Abstract: Tree basal growth in response to flooding regime was evaluated at a 5.2‐ha bottomland forest along the Olentangy River in central Ohio. Tree‐ring analysis was used to develop a 14‐year basal area increment (BAI) (cm²/year) series for 42 canopy trees (representing 10 species) throughout the bottomland. Mean annual BAI was evaluated relative to the frequency and duration of bankfull (>70 m³/s) and high‐flood (>154 m³/s) river discharge for a given water year (October 1‐September 30) and growing season (April 1‐September 30). A significant polynomial relationship was detected between the number of days of high‐flood river discharge over a combined two‐year period (Year i + Year i ? 1) and mean annual BAI. No significant relationships were detected when only the concurrent‐year or previous‐year flood regimes were considered or when growing season was considered. A similar relationship was detected when duration of high‐flood discharge days and BAI were both evaluated in two‐year increments (Year i + Year i ? 1). Mean annual BAI was most influenced by boxelder (Acer negundo) which was the dominant species and exhibited strong agreement with the overall BAI series. In each case, the resulting parabolic curve of tree basal growth in response to flooding suggests an optimal number of flooding days, a response to perturbation consistent with the subsidy‐stress model. Dendrochronology may be a useful tool for managers looking to restore environmental flows to regulated rivers.